India-China bilateral relations are complex, marked by both cooperation and competition . Despite diplomatic efforts, significant challenges and areas of concern remain But in recent time in 2025 both countries are doing their best to walk with mutual trust & cooperation in all field ..
Historical Context:
- In 1954, India and China signed the Panchsheel Agreement, a treaty promoting peace and friendship .
- The Sino-Indian War in 1962 revealed deep mistrust and territorial disputes .
- In April 2025, as India and China marked 75 years of diplomatic relations, leaders from both countries exchanged messages emphasizing the importance of their bilateral relationship .
Border Issues:
- The border remains disputed, with military presence along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) .
- In October 2024, a limited understanding on border patrolling was reached, but it has not significantly reduced military presence .
- China seeks a border settlement on its terms, particularly regarding claims over Arunachal Pradesh .
- India insists on border agreements signed in the 1990s, but China wants to renegotiate these to reflect current power dynamics .
Recent Developments:
- Following meetings between leaders, India has stated that normalcy has returned to the border, but this is contradicted by military officials who describe the situation as “sensitive but stable” .
- China has reportedly gained patrolling rights in certain areas, while India regained access to some areas in Ladakh .
Economic Relations:
- Despite tensions, India’s imports from China are increasing, leading to a widening trade deficit .
- China has been accused of restricting the movement of technicians and equipment needed for high-tech manufacturing in India .
Geopolitical Strategy and Concerns:
- China’s growing naval presence in the Indian Ocean raises concerns in India .
- China’s construction of a large hydropower dam on the Yarlung Zangbo River (Brahmaputra) has raised concerns about water flow and ecological stability in India .
- India is wary of China’s relationship with Pakistan and its influence in the Indian Ocean region .
Differing Perspectives:
- China seeks friendly ties with India on its terms, while India has made concessions seeking normalcy .
- China doesn’t acknowledge India’s concerns on strategic issues .
- Experts suggest that India’s approach is one of cautious accommodation, hoping to grow its power before directly confronting China .
Overall:
- The relationship is complex and multifaceted, with both nations trying to balance cooperation and competition .
- There are concerns that India may be acquiescing to China’s dominance in the region .
- The future of India-China relations depends on whether India can develop a comprehensive strategy to address China’s rise .
The Elephant-Dragon duet :
The “elephant-dragon duet” is a metaphor used to describe the desired peaceful and cooperative relationship between India and China .
Here’s a breakdown:
- Origin of the Metaphor: The phrase symbolizes the harmonious coexistence and collaboration between India and China, recognizing them as two major Asian powers .
- Usage by Leaders: Chinese President Xi Jinping has used this metaphor, calling for an “elephant-dragon tango” to mark the 75th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the two countries . He emphasized that stable and amicable relations would benefit both nations and the world .
- Call for Cooperation: Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi has also stressed the need for India and China to cooperate for mutual benefit and to support the Global South .
- Underlying Tension: Despite the call for cooperation, India-China relations are complex, with a history of both cooperation and conflict . Issues such as border disputes, trade imbalances, and geopolitical competition continue to create friction .
- Areas of Cooperation: Despite the challenges, India and China engage in trade, multilateral forums like BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), and address global issues like climate change .
- Way Forward: Strengthening dialogue, balancing economic engagement, and promoting regional development are seen as ways to reinforce the bilateral relationship . Both nations can contribute to a stable, multipolar Asia by aligning shared interests with global responsibilities .
